Check out this idea. Two writers from thirdway.org, a "moderate thinktank of the progressive movement", have come up with an idea to give taxpayers a receipt of what their annual tax liability actually is spent on. (Note: Actual article is a PDF)
Seems like a pretty good idea. The actual FY11 budget can be found here, but as the article states its a huge document and not exactly one which is easy to put into perspective.
This would be even better if the interest paid on the national debt was deductible.
